Functional Requirements Of Cladding System Construction Essay

Functional Requirements Of lining System Construction EssayCladding faeces be defined as a protective or insulating layer fixed to the verbotenside of the mental synthesis or any separate structure. The objectives of lining governing body to be built arTo provide enclosure.The facing was made to provide enclosure to the create which go onwards give the requisite protection a shed light onst the weather and outside(a) changes.Speed of teetotal whirl.The usage of finish off-site pre fabrication for the veneer provoke buoy provide a drier and faster construction.It imposes stripped-down surplus dead load.The lining is usu solelyy made from a jackanapes veridical and thereof the additional load impose on the building is minimum.It enhances designerural concept and impress the appearance of the building.The cladding is made from a different type of materials. So, each of the material use whitethorn extrude the appearance of the building according to the co ncept and function of the building that the architect wants to design.It can reassure internal environment.The cladding governing body can control the internal environment of the building such as supreme light(a) penetrating into the building, controlling the actin otherapy and conduction of affectionateness from the sun, and many others.To compass the objectives, the cladding brass should obey some of the functional requirements. The primary functions of cladding dust is to separate the indoor environment of a building from the clear in such a way that the outdoors environment will not affecting the indoors and the indoor environment can be go oned at levels suitable for the intend use. The other functional requirements of the cladding system are as followsThe cladding system should spend a penny a good power and stability.The cladding system moldiness have enough strength to support its own weight between the geological periods of support or fixings to the structur al frame whereas the sufficient stability is needed to against the squint flap atmospheric pressure exposed to the building. Both of these features are required in the cladding system to allow the differential movement between itself in terms of material expansion and contraction, between the structural frame or the differential movement in other adjacent building element.The cladding system should have exclusion of wind and rain.To fulfil these criteria, a everyday practice is to construct a solid cladding system with an outer(a) switch as a rain screen and inner leaf as insulator. Thus, the materials used to seal joints are required to be alive(p) enough to accommodate movement and resist weather deterioration. To sustain the pressure and suctions by the wind, the cladding moldiness be adequately strong and stiff. The wind directions and velocities are greater at the upper reaches of building.The cladding system must have durability and freedom of sustenance.The minimum fre quency and extent of mold is necessary to maintain the minimum functional requirements and acceptable appearance of the cladding. As an instance, the glass cladding requires frequent clean-cuting and renewal of seal to maintain its performance whereas the sheet metal cladding need to be detect and carefully take care of it as it is easily undergo oxidization process and faded.The cladding system has the control of internal temperatures.This is collectable to the solar gain through and through the glass panels. The internal temperature can be controlled by three ways. First is by utilise a deep put window in conjunction with external vertical fins. split secondly, by using non-transparent external louvers and thirdly is by using a special solar control glass.The cladding system has a great subway system towards fire.The system must fulfil the building regulations by the local authority. The materials used as a lining for insulation must be made from a non-combustible materi al.The cladding system should include thermal properties by controlling the radiation and conduction of heat.The lining of the cladding material need to provide additional insulation to control the heat. To radiate the flow of heat from the sun, the privileged open airs of the cladding need to be at the temperature that will not cause beamy discomfort which is neither too hot nor too cold. To control the conduction of heat, the cladding must be made from a low conduction of heat material to avoid localised condensation on interior come ins, thermal bridges and stabilised the required degree of the conduction of heat into and out of the building.The cladding system should be equipped with speech sound insulation.The cladding system should isolate the noise outside the building from the interior of the building or the interior of the building from the external noise. The isolation of noise is scoop out achieved by walls that posses the features of airtight, massive and resilient . The used of resilient pad to keep sound originating within the structure to be transferred vertically through the cladding members. The mobile sound can be prevented by utilising double glazing panel to windows area.The cladding systems must provide sufficient openings for the introduction of innate(p) daylight and ventilation.The admittance of the sunlight into the building must be controlled as the sunlight has ultraviolet radiation ray which is harmful towards human skin and must be unbroken off from inferior material that easily disintegrate or fade. The obvious light of sunlight is useful for illumination but it can overly be bothersome because it causes glare.Question 2 (b)A client requires a avenue that requires curt maintenance with reasonable non-skid properties. With the aid of diagram, suggest a type of roadway and the construction methodology for the proposed road.The type of road that requires footling maintenance and reasonable non-skid properties is a ri gid pavement or withal known as cover road. A rigid pavement consists of a cover slab resting on a thin granular found. The pavement may be Unreinforced cover (URC), Jointed Reinforced Concrete (JRC) or incessantly Reinforced Concrete (CRCP). The cover slab should be Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC), manufactured, laid and aged(a) according to the specification required. contrive 1 cross-section(prenominal) of Pavement StructureThe basic rigid pavement structure consists of subgrade (existing shit), sub- make course, base course and surface course (concrete). The sub-base course and base course are optional depending on the location of the road to be made. Sub-base layer consists of a lean concrete base and a layer of cement-bound granular base or soil cement base. The total thickness of sub-base and concrete slab should be a minimum of 450mm. The function of sub-base is assisting the waste thermionic tube, protecting the subgrade against frost, and, in the case of pulv erized soils is to prevent pumping where the ejection of water and silt through joints or cracks occurs due to the downwards movement of the slab caused by heavy wheel loads.The materials used as a granular sub-base are crushed rock, crushed slag, crushed concrete, natural sand, gravels or well-burnt non- pliant shale.After the placement of sub-base layer, an anti-friction membrane is placed over and unremarkably polythene sheeting that performs extra function of preventing grout loss from impudently laid concrete.The concrete slab is normally placed by a concreting civilise that runs on a heavy duty road form to prevent deflection and is bedded in position at least 24 hours before concreting tthe slab. A hopper unit is usually included in the concrete train to feed the concrete on the base through a conveyor belt. This operation may be carry out alternatively by using a screw-type circulateer. Then, the concrete is laid onto the fabric reinforcement, followed by the placing of the fabric, a second spreader and compactor unit to complete the slab. Next, a surcharge is placed on the top layer of concrete to gain maximum compaction.An alternative method to lay the slab is by using a slip-form paver. This plant requires no side forms and mounted on crawler tracks. It is fit of laving pavement at 2m per minute.The general method of rigid pavement costruction consists of placement, consolidation, finishing, stage set and jointing.PlacementThis process involves equipments and procedures use to place the pre-cast concrete on a desired thickness of surface. The concrete can be pour and spread by using truck or truck attachments. For a more accurate and even placement, a placementmachine can be use instead. The concrete will become less homogenous or tend to segregate after it has been unloaded from the truck. Thus, the screeding process is carried out immediately after the concrete placement. The excess portion of roughly pre-cast concrete are cut off to the re quired level of slab elevation. This can be make by force a straightedge at the required elevation across the slab.Figure 2 Placement Over Dowel Bars in an IntersectionFigure 3 Placement in Front of aRolling Screed deseparatismThis process is use to eliminate undesirable voids in any ways possible. This process removes undesirable air voids and causing it to move close to reinforcing leaf blade or other potential obstruction and thus, makes the freshly placed pre-cast concrete more uniform and compact mass. The process of consolidation is completed by using a vibrator that can be characterised as a hanker and slender vibration rods. The vibrator works by moving back and forth to rotate an eccentric weight which causes the elementicles in the pre-cast concrete mass to depend on to move close together for a better flow around obstruction. However, the vibrator need to be controlled carefully as the exccess or too little vibration can cause the coarse aggregate particles to be n on-uniformly distributed. cultivationFinishing process involves all the steps and equipment used to create the last-place surface finish and texture of fresh pre-cast concrete. This process can be separate into two separate floating and texturing.Floating. This process involves different tools and may use multiple passes over the same surface. This is done by ladder a flat surface across the concrete to remove lavishly and low spots, eliminate the imperfections, and compact the mortar at the surface for texturing.Texturing. The concrete is quite smooth after the floating. So, texturing process is carried out to create a slip resistance surface for traffic. The pattern is done by drag a rough-texture item across the surface. There are two types of texturing microtexture and macrotexture.Microtexture. The texturing is done by dragging a section of artificial turf or burlap behind the paver. This can enhances frictional force between the tires of vehicles and the surface of paveme nt and thus increases safety at lower speeds.Macrotexture. The texturing is done by tining the pavement surface. This type of texturing allows the water to escape from between the tyres of vehicles and the pavement and thus increases the safety at high speeds.Figure 4 Microtexture Figure 5 MacrotextureCuringThe curing process is the maintenance of required temperature and satisfactory wet in pre-cast concrete as it hardens to develop desired properties such as strength, durability and closeness. These properties related to the extent of hydration of concrete which depend on the wet and temperature of the site. The perfection of the hydration can results in the better concretes properties.JointingThis process involves the actions to insert purpose-built discontinuities in the pavement and seal them appropriately. Joints are formed in slab for allowing and controlling the movements such as expansion,contraction and warping. There are two types of materials used in joints, a sealer t hat separates the slab and a sealing compound that fills the top of joint. The material used as a joint fillings are cork, rubber or sheet bitumen.On completion, the surface of the slab may be textured by brushing with a wire broom at right angles to the contract declination of the carriageway to gives a better skidding resistance and uniform appearance. The slab should be cured immediately after brush treatment by spraying with a curing compound.Question 2 (c)Describe the performance and specify the material that can be used to fill the void of disused structures, e.g. culverts, unnecessary sewers, cellars, and basements and also for soil structural stabilisation, e.g. bridge abutments, tunnel stabilisation, and embankments.The material that can be used to fill the voids of disused structure is foamed concrete. Specifically, it is called Highly Air-entrained plaster (HAM) or also known as aerated concrete. Ready-mix foam concrete is highly workable and contain up to 50 percen t air-entrained which fleet to a low meanness material. This type of concrete can self-levelling, self-compacting and can be manage with the risk of settlement cracking and plastic shoplifting is lower than a normal concrete.The performances of the foamed concrete can be split up into three categories which are plastic state advantages, working improvements and final concrete performance.At plastic stage advantages, the foam concrete can be implemented to a variety project needs and operational conditions as it is more practical than any other materials. The features of concrete that satisfy at this stage are as followsThe concrete can be produced on site or off site. This feature allows an immediate placement on delivery and thus, no space is needed for storage. This will also execute to nice workability retention.The concrete has wide range of possible mixes of materials according to its usage. The semblance of mixture is adjustable to fulfil required performance. This may r esults in controlled density and strength of the concrete.The concrete has a stable chemical structure. So, no soil analysis and moisture checks between layers are required. This is due to its compatibility with almost all building products and materials.The concrete has a cellular fill. This may cause the external contamination face difficulties to penetrate into the concrete.At the working improvements category, the free-flowing properties of these concrete add to the following features and benefitsThe concrete is easy to place and finish. It uses only a whiz process of installation where the concrete is pour and then levelled. This lead to a reduction in cost for labour and supervision. Besides, the specialist machinery such as compactors or vibrators is not needed.The foam concrete is pumpable. They can be pumped at a significant distance by using a simple conventional concrete pump.The concrete is self-compacting and self-levelling. This feature makes it ideal for an unacces sible trench where the compaction is difficult to carry out. It allows the concrete to write down into specialise space and fully fills the void.At final concrete performance category, the plastic state qualities have finally translated into significant final performances. The performances are as followsThe concrete has high entrained air content. This feature makes the concrete becomes more resistance towards freezing or thaw damage. The entrained air content also acts as a good thermal and acoustic insulation.The foam concrete has a good cohesion. The cohesion makes the concrete as a stable foam structure that reduces settlements. The cohesion also helps in the reduction of bleeding and segregation of concreteThe density and strength of the foam concrete can be controlled. The range of densities and strengths is available for each type of foam concrete. The lower strength concrete allows removal of subsequent access to servicesThe foam concrete has a stable structure which makes it can be surfaced after two dozen hours.Question 2 (d)Briefly describe the activities involved in external works at the start of the contract.External works can be generally defined as the construction works done outwardly from the main building. The external works can be divided into two at contract commencement and at the end of contract. The activities involved in external works at the start of the contract are debilitateage, maverick access and buildings, and commonplace utilities whereas the activities involved at the end of contract consists of road and pavement, fencing, landscaping and minor external works.Drainage can be divided into two types underground/subsurface drain and surface drainage.Subsurface drainage was made to collect the water from where it is not wanted to some other place such as removing and disposing of surplus groundwater from gardens and other plots of open land. The system usually deals with foul water from kitchen, toilets and any industrial pr ocess or combining foul water with surface water. The subsurface drainage system consists of underground thermionic vacuum tube line, manhole/inspection chamber and culvert.The underground piping line pipes and sewer pipes can be made of vitrified clay, uPVC, concrete, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and many others. The jointing of plain ended pipes is made by style of a coupling where the socketed pipe that has distinguishable male and female ends must be laid with female end pointing upstream.To construct underground pipe line, the pipes should be laid in straight line from point to point with a fall to a steady gradient. The type of bedding is depending on the pipes material to protect the pipes from ruptures or breakage. The fittings and access points must be installed at head of run, bend or change of direction, change in pipe diameter and at junction, unless all runs connected to junction can be rodded from another access point.The second part of subsurface drainage system is manhole, access point and inspection chamber. The access chambers are intended to provide simple access for cursory inspection and access for drain rods or other maintenance equipment. The inspection chambers (IC) are enceinte than access chambers. It provides access for maintenance equipment, but tends to have more branches nutriment into them. The manholes (MH) are the largest chambers providing access to sewer or drain for maintenance equipment. The manholes can be made from brick (brick manhole) or pre-cast concrete manhole. The brick manhole typically have 215mm thick brickwork with a mass concrete as benching whereas the pre-cast concrete manhole only 50-60mm thick, although those built beneath vehicular trafficked areas should have been haunches with mass concrete at least 150mm thick.Figure 6 The Cross-section of Pre-cast Concrete ManholeThe third part of subsurface drainage system is culvert. Culvert is a structure which provides a waterway or other opening under a road. The type of pipe culvert should be class Z spun reinforced concrete with spun concrete collars or spigot and socket type.Figure 7 The CulvertThe second type of drainage is surface drainage system. The system collects water from the roof and the paving, often discharging this relatively clean water into a local watercourse to reduce demand on the effluent treatment plant. The surface water systems are gulley and access point, continuous grating over pre-cast concrete channels and combined kerb and drainage systems.The gulley and access point can be classed into individual trapped gulley and road gullies. The individual trapped gully commonly used with rainwater downspouts for draining large area of paving. The road gullies are basically much larger and used within carriageways.The continuous grating over pre-cast channels can be made from wide range materials such as HDPE, polymer concrete and untainted steel.The combined kerb and drainage systems act as road isolator and disc harge point of collected surface water.Figure 8 The KerbSecond external works done at start of the contract is the construction of temporary access, storage area, car parking and site facilities. These are the major(ip) components to be built before any construction of building can take places in provision of difficult access to all parts of the site, difficulties in storage of materials and for the site facilities and car parking.For the construction of temporary access, the avower will lay the base course of permanent road to play down the cost. The site temporary road can be kept dry by laying the drainage system as soon as possible.The third external works at the commencement of contract is the public utilities services. The services that involves are water system, electricity and cabling for telephone. The public utilities need to be planned ahead before any major structures are built. every constructions of service mains and ducts should start concurrently with foundation co nstruction stage so that it will not hinder the construction activities.